KDE Plasma Desktop 4.7 |
|
| Developer(s) | KDE |
| Initial release | 11 January 2008[1] |
| Stable release | 4.7.4 (7 December 2011)[2] [±] |
| Preview release |
4.8 Beta2 (December 7, 2011)[3] [±] |
| Development status | Current |
| Written in | C++ (Qt 4) |
| Operating system | Whole desktop: Unix-like with X11 and also Windows XP–7.[4] Applications only: Mac OS X v10.4–10.6 |
| Available in | Multilingual[5] |
| Type | Desktop environment |
| License | GPL, LGPL, BSD license, MIT license and X11 license[6] |
| Website | kde.org |
KDE Software Compilation 4 (KDE SC 4) is the current series of releases of KDE Software Compilation. The first major version (4.0) of this series was released on 11 January 2008,[1] and the latest major version (4.7) was released on 27 July 2011. Major releases (4.x) are scheduled for every six months, while minor bugfix releases (4.x.y) are released monthly.[7]
The new series includes updates to several of the KDE Platform’s core components, notably a port to Qt 4. It contains a new multimedia API, called Phonon, a device integration framework called Solid and a new style guide and default icon set called Oxygen. It also includes a new, unified desktop and panel user interface called Plasma, which supports desktop widgets, replacing K Desktop Environment 3’s separate components.
One of the overall goals of KDE Platform 4 is to make it easy for KDE applications to be portable to different operating systems. This was made possible by the port to Qt 4, which facilitated support for non-X11-based platforms, including Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Versions 4.0 to 4.3 of the KDE Software Compilation were known simply as KDE 4 – the name change was a component of the KDE project’s re-branding to reflect KDE’s increased scope.
Contents |
This is a short overview of major changes in KDE Software Compilation 4.
The port to the Qt 4 series was expected to enable KDE 4 to use less memory and be noticeably faster than KDE 3. The KDE libraries themselves have also been made more efficient. However, tests reveal that KDE 4.4 has the highest memory utilization on default Ubuntu installations when compared to GNOME 2.29, Xfce 4.6, and LXDE 0.5.[8] Qt 4 is available under the LGPL for Mac OS X and Windows, which allows KDE 4 to run on those platforms. The ports to both platforms are in an early state. As of August 2010[update], KDE Software compilation 4 on Mac OS X is currently considered beta [9], while on Windows it is not in the final state, so applications can be unsuitable for day to day use yet.[10] Both ports are trying to use as little divergent code as possible to make the applications function almost identically on all platforms. During Summer of Code 2007 an icon cache was created to decrease application start-up times for use in KDE 4.[11] Improvements were varied – Kfind, an application which used several hundred icons, started up in about a quarter of the time it took previously.[12] Other applications and a full KDE session started up a little over a second faster.
Many applications in the Extragear and KOffice modules have received numerous improvements with the new features of KDE 4 and Qt 4. But since they follow their own release schedule, they were not all available at the time of the first KDE 4 release – these include Amarok, K3b, digiKam, KWord, and Krita.
The most noticeable changes for users are the new icons, theme and sounds provided by the Oxygen Project. These represent a break from previous KDE icons and graphics, which had a cartoonish look. Instead Oxygen icons opt for a more photorealistic style. The Oxygen Project builds on the freedesktop.org Icon Naming Specification and Icon Theme Specification, allowing consistency across applications. The Oxygen team uses community help for better visuals in KDE 4, with both alternate icon sets and the winners of a wallpaper contest held by the Oxygen project being included in KDE 4.[13] There is also a new set of human interface guidelines for a more standardized layout.
Plasma provides the main desktop user interface and is a rewrite of several core KDE applications, like the desktop drawing and most notably the widget engine. Plasma allows a more customisable desktop and more versatile widgets.
KWin, the KDE Window Manager, now provides its own compositing effects, similar to Compiz.
Phonon is the name of the multimedia API in KDE 4. Phonon is a different approach to multimedia backends than in previous versions of KDE. This is because Phonon only functions as a wrapper, abstracting the various multimedia frameworks available for Unix-like operating systems into runtime switchable backends that can be accessed through a single API. This was done to provide a stable API for KDE 4 and to prevent it from depending on a single multimedia framework. Applications that use the Phonon API can be switched between multimedia frameworks seamlessly by simply changing the backend used in System Settings. Nokia adopted Phonon for multimedia use in Qt 4.4 and are developing backends for Gstreamer, Windows and OS X in the KDE SVN repository under the LGPL.[14]
Solid is the hardware API in KDE 4. It functions similarly to Phonon as it doesn’t manage hardware on its own but makes existing solutions accessible through a single API. The current solution uses HAL, NetworkManager and BlueZ (the official Linux bluetooth stack), but any and all parts can be replaced without breaking the application, making applications using Solid extremely flexible and portable.
ThreadWeaver is a programming library to help applications take advantage of multicore processors and is included with kdelibs.
Kross is the new scripting framework for KDE 4. Kross itself is not a scripting language, but makes it easier for developers to add support for other scripting languages. Once an application adds support for Kross, any language Kross supports can be used by developers. New scripting languages can be added by creating a plugin for Kross, which benefits all applications using it.
Decibel is a Telepathy-based communication framework, which was expected to be fully used by Kopete by KDE 4.2, but which is reported to be postponed indefinitely.[15] Strigi is the default search tool for KDE 4, chosen for its speed and few dependencies.[16] In concert with other software like Soprano, an RDF storage framework, and the NEPOMUK specification, Strigi will provide the beginnings of a semantic desktop in KDE 4. Users can tag files with additional information through Dolphin, which Strigi can index for more accurate searches.[17]
KDE 4 uses CMake for its build system. Since previous versions of KDE were only on Unix systems, autotools were used, but a new build system was needed for builds on operating systems like Windows. CMake also dramatically simplified the build process. The autotools build system had become so complicated by KDE 3 that few developers understood it, requiring hours of work for simple changes. In early 2007 CMake was shown to compile the KDE 4 version of KDElibs 40 % faster than the autotools compiled KDE 3 version.[18]
DXS, previously known as GHNS (Get Hot New Stuff)[19] and now adopted by freedesktop.org, is a web service that lets applications download and install data from the Internet with one click. It was used in the KDE 3 series but has been extended for use throughout KDE 4. One example was Kstars, that can use Astronomical data that is free for personal use but cannot be redistributed. DXS allows that data to be easily downloaded and installed from within the application instead of manually downloading it.
Akonadi is a new PIM framework for KDE 4. Akonadi is a unification of previously separate KDE PIM components. In the past each application would have its own method for storing information and handling data. Akonadi itself functions as a server that provides data and search functions to PIM applications. It is also able to update the status of contacts. So if one application changes information about a contact, all other applications are immediately informed of the change.[20]
The majority of development went into implementing most of the new technologies and frameworks of KDE 4. Plasma and the Oxygen style were two of the biggest user-facing changes.
Dolphin replaces Konqueror as the default file manager in KDE 4.0. This was done to address complaints of Konqueror being too complicated for a simple file manager. However Dolphin and Konqueror will share as much code as possible, and Dolphin can be embedded in Konqueror to allow Konqueror to still be used as a file manager.
Okular replaces several document viewers used in KDE 3, like KPDF, KGhostView and KDVI. Okular makes use of software libraries and can be extended to view almost any kind of document. Like Konqueror and KPDF in KDE 3, Okular can be embedded in other applications.
On 11 May 2007, KDE 4.0 Alpha 1 was released marking the end of the addition of large features to the KDE base libraries and shifting the focus onto integrating the new technologies into applications and the basic desktop. Alpha 1 included new frameworks to build applications with, providing improved hardware and multimedia integration through Solid and Phonon. Dolphin and Okular were integrated and a new visual appearance was provided through Oxygen icons.[21]
On 4 July 2007, Alpha 2 was released.[22] The release focused on integrating the Plasma desktop, improving functionality and stabilizing KDE.
On 2 August 2007, Beta 1 was released.[23] Major features included a pixmap cache – speeding up icon loading, KDE PIM improvements, improved KWin effects and configuration, better interaction between Konqueror and Dolphin and Metalink support added to KGet for improved downloads.
On 6 September 2007, Beta 2 was released with improved BSD and Solaris support.[24] The release included the addition of the Blitz graphic library – allowing for developers to use high performance graphical tricks like icon animation – and an overhaul of KRDC (K Remote Desktop Client) for Google’s Summer of Code. Plasma was also integrated with Amarok to provide Amarok’s central context view.
On 16 October 2007, Beta 3 was released.[25] The beta 3 release was focused on stabilizing and finishing the design of libraries for the release of the KDE Development Platform. Plasma received many new features including an applet browser. The Educational software received many improvements in Marble and Parley (formerly known as KVoctrain) with bugfixes in other applications. A program called Step, an interactive physics simulator, was produced as part of the Google Summer of Code.
On 30 October 2007, Beta 4 was released.[26] A list of release blockers was compiled,[27] listing issues that need to be resolved before KDE will start with the release candidate cycle for the desktop. The goals were to focus on stabilization and fixing the release blockers.
At the same time, the first release candidate of the KDE 4.0 Development Platform was released. The development platform contains all the base libraries to develop KDE applications, including "high-level widget libraries, a network abstraction layer and various libraries for multimedia integration, hardware integration and transparent access to resources on the network."[28]
On 20 November 2007, Release Candidate (RC) 1 was released.[29] This release was called a "Release Candidate" despite Plasma requiring further work and not being ready for release. On 11 December 2007, RC2 was released.[30] The codebase was declared feature-complete. Some work was still required to fix bugs, finish off artwork and smooth out the user experience.
KDE 4.0 was released on 11 January 2008. There were maintenance releases every month through to June,[7] which fix bugs and add some minor features such as resizable desktop panels.
KDE 4.0 was met with a mixed reaction. Despite being labelled as a stable release, it was intended for early adopters.[31] Continuing to use KDE 3.5 was suggested for users wanting a more stable, "feature complete" desktop.[32] The intent was for 4.0 to be a developers release. It was included in a number of distributions in order to promote the migration from KDE 3.5 among the Linux developers.
The message got lost among the release excitement, and as a result the release disappointed some end users. This resulted in a backlash over the introduction of 4.0.
The release of KDE 4.0 was met with a mixed reception. While early adopters were tolerant of the lack of finish for some of its new features, the release was widely criticized because of a lack of stability and its “beta” quality.[33] A Computer World reporter (Steven Vaughan-Nichols) criticised KDE 4.0 and KDE 4.1 and called for a fork of KDE 3.5 by rebuilding it on top of Qt4.[34][35] The same reporter later praised KDE 4.3 and welcomed the KDE 3.5 continuation project Trinity.[36] Although Linus Torvalds switched from GNOME to KDE on December 2005,[37] he switched back to GNOME after Fedora – as only major Linux distribution – replaced KDE 3.5 with 4.0. In an interview with ComputerWorld, Linus described KDE 4.0 as a “break everything” model and “half-baked” release, claiming that he[38] expected it to be an upgrade of KDE 3.5, when the reality was that there were significant cases of features being regressed due to its extensive changes (Linus did point out, however, that he understood why the developers in charge of the KDE project had chosen to make such drastic changes to the desktop environment in KDE 4.0 and the reason for its pre-mature release, and that his criticism was more on the way KDE 4.0 was pushed out to the public)/ The criticism has emerged in spite of the environment being labeled as “less mature” or “cutting edge” in distributions such as openSUSE[39] and Kubuntu.[40] Despite the criticism, reviewers such as ArsTechnica’s Ryan Paul noted that the visual style “is very attractive and easy on the eyes” and “exhibits a relatively high level of polish” and that “the underlying technologies still have a lot of very serious potential”.[41]
KDE 4.1 was released on 29 July 2008.[42] KDE 4.1 includes a shared emoticon theming system which is used in PIM and Kopete, and DXS, a service that lets applications download and install data from the Internet with one click.[43] Also introduced are GStreamer, QuickTime 7, and DirectShow 9 Phonon backends.[43] Plasma improvements include support for Qt 4 widgets and WebKit integration – allowing many Apple Dashboard widgets to be displayed.[43] There will also be ports of some applications to Windows and Mac OS X.[43]
New applications include:[43]
KDE 4.2 was released on 27 January 2009. The release is considered a significant improvement beyond KDE 4.1 in nearly all aspects, and a suitable replacement for KDE 3.5 for most users.[44]
The 4.2 release includes thousands of bugs fixes and has implemented many features that were present in KDE 3.5 but had been missing in KDE 4.0 and 4.1.[45] These include grouping and multiple row layout in the task bar, icon hiding in the system tray, panel autohiding, window previews and tooltips are back in the panel and task bar, notifications and job tracking by Plasma, and the ability to have icons on the desktop again by using a Folder View as the desktop background where icons now remain where they are placed.
New Plasma applets include applets for leaving messages on a locked screen, previewing files, switching desktop Activity, monitoring news feeds, and utilities like the pastebin applet, the calendar, timer, special character selector, a QuickLaunch widget, and a system monitor, among many others. The Plasma workspace can now load Google Gadgets. Plasma widgets can be written in Ruby and Python. Support for applets written in JavaScript and Mac OS X dashboard widgets has been further improved. Theming improvements in the Task Bar, Application Launcher, System Tray and most other Plasma components streamline the look and feel and increase consistency. A new System Settings module, Desktop Theme Details, gives the user control over each element of various Plasma themes. Wallpapers are now provided plugins, so developers can easily write custom wallpaper systems in KDE 4.2. Available wallpaper plugins in KDE 4.2 will be slideshows, Mandelbrot fractals, and regular static images.[45]
New desktop effects have been added such as the Magic Lamp, Minimize effect and the Cube and Sphere desktop switchers. Others, such as the desktop grid, have been improved. The user interface for choosing effects has been reworked for easy selection of the most commonly used effects. Compositing desktop effects have been enabled by default where hardware and drivers support them. Automatic checks confirm that compositing works before enabling it on the workspace.[45]
KRunner – the "Run command…" dialog – has extended functionality through several new plugins, including spellchecking, Konqueror browser history, power management control through PowerDevil, KDE Places, Recent Documents, and the ability to start specific sessions of the Kate editor, Konqueror and Konsole. The converter plugin now also supports quickly converting between units of speed, mass and distances.[45]
Multi-screen support has been improved through the Kephal library, fixing many bugs when running KDE on more than one monitor.[45]
New applications include PowerDevil, a power management system for controlling various aspects of mobile devices. A new printing configuration system brings back a number of features users have been missing in KDE 4.0 and 4.1. The components "printer-applet" and "system-config-printer-kde" are shipped with the kdeadmin and kdeutils module. Killbots is a new game shipped with the kdegames module.[45]
All applications have seen bugfixes, feature additions and user interface improvements. Dolphin now supports previews of files in toolbars and has gained a slider to zoom in and out on file item views. It can now also show the full path in the breadcrumb bar. Konqueror offers increased loading speed by prefetching domain name data in KHTML. A find-as-you-type bar improves navigation in webpages. KMail has a new message header list, and reworked attachment view. The KWrite and Kate text editors can now operate in Vi input mode, accommodating those used to the traditional UNIX editor. Ark, the archiving tool has gained support for password-protected archives and is accessible via a context menu from the file managers now. KRDC, the remote desktop client improves support for Microsoft’s Active Directory through LDAP. Kontact has gained a new planner summary and support for drag and drop in the free/busy view. KSnapshot now uses the window title when saving screenshots, making it easier to index them using search engines.[45]
The KDE 4.2 release “marks the end of the testing phase by being the first release ready for everyone – instead of just developers and enthusiasts” according to Thom Holwerda, a member of OSNews.[46]
KDE 4.3 was released on 4 August 2009. Polishing KDE 4 was a focus of 4.3, with this release being described as incremental and lacking in major new features.[47][48]KDE 4.3 fixed over 10,000 bugs and implemented almost 2,000 feature requests.[49] Integration with other technologies, such as PolicyKit, NetworkManager & Geolocation services, was another focus of this release.[50][51][52] KRunner’s interface has been overhauled. A much more flexible system tray has been developed. Many new Plasmoids have been added, including the openDesktop.org Plasmoid – an initial take on the Social Desktop.[53] Plasma also receives more keyboard shortcuts.[47]
KDE SC 4.4 was released on 9 February 2010 and is based on version 4.6 of the Qt 4 toolkit.[54] As such, KDE SC 4.4 carries Qt’s performance improvements as well as Qt 4.6's new features, such as the new animation framework Kinetic.
KAddressBook Is replaced by a completely new application with the same name – previously tentatively called KContactManager.[55] Key features of the new KAddressBook are Akonadi integration and a streamlined user interface.
Another major new feature is an additional new Plasma interface, targeted towards netbooks.[56]
Kopete is released as version 1.0.[57]
KAuth, a cross-platform authentication API, made its début in KDE SC 4.4. Initially only PolicyKit is supported as back-end.[58]
KDE SC 4.5 was released on 10 August 2010. New features include the integration of the WebKit library, an open-source web browser engine, which is used in major browsers such as Apple Safari and Google Chrome.[59] KDE's own KHTML engine will continue to be developed.
KPackage has been deprecated. KPackageKit was suggested to replace it[60] but it didn't make it to replace it.
KDE SC 4.6 was released on 26 January 2011 and has better OpenGL compositing[61] along with the usual myriad of fixes and features.
KDE SC 4.7 was released on July 28 2011. This version updated KWin in order to be compatible with OpenGL ES 2.0, which will enhance its portability to mobile and tablet platforms. Other optimizations, such as the use of Qt Quick, were made in order to enhance this portability. This version also brought updates and enhancements to Plasma Desktop such as better network management and updates to certain widgets (like the Kickoff menu) as well as activities.[62]
Aside from the desktop environment, version 4.7 updates many applications within the Software Compilation. Dolphin file manager has been updated to include a cleaner user interface. Marble, the virtual globe software, now supports voice navigation, a map creation wizard, as well as many new plugins. Gwenview image viewer now allows users to compare two or more photos side by side. The Kontact database has also been ported to Akonadi which allows the database to be easily accessible from other applications. Furthermore, the KMail database has also been ported to Akonadi. DigiKam has been updated to support face detection, image versioning, and image tagging. Other applications such as Kate, Kalzium, KAlgebra, KStars, and KDevelop have also been updated in this release. Moreover, version 4.7 fixed over 12,000 bugs.[63]
Despite the early development stage, some new features are already in development.
Release 4.8 – scheduled for late January – won’t feature an upgrade to the KDE Platform libraries (kdelibs,…). Instead it will be based on Platform 4.7 in order to concentrate development efforts on KDE Frameworks 5.0 which will be based on Qt 5.[64]
KWin’s rendering performance will be increased by optimizing effect rendering.[65][66] Window resizing will also be improved.[67] Other Kwin features are: QML based Window switcher (Tabbox)[68], AnimationEffect class and initial Wayland support.
It is planned that by default the system tray entry for most applications will be merged with the task bar entry.[69]
A new major version of Dolphin is expected to ship with KDE Applications 4.8. It will have improved performance, better file name display, animated transitions, and many other new and improved features.[70]
Cantor will ship with an additional back-end based on Qalculate.[71][72]
Dragon Player 3 may ship with Applications 4.8, although a release with 4.9 is considered more likely.[73]
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 4.0[74] | |
| 2 April 2007 | Subsystem Freeze From this date forward, no new KDE subsystem or major changes can be committed to kdelibs. |
| 1 May 2007 | kdelibs soft API Freeze The kdelibs API is "soft-frozen", meaning that changes can be made with the consent of the core developers. |
| 11 May 2007 | Alpha 1 |
| 1 June 2007 | trunk/KDE is module frozen Trunk is frozen for new or resurrected applications. |
| 4 July 2007 | Alpha 2 Initially due to be called Beta 1, it was decided to retain the alpha designation because this release wasn’t judged to be beta quality. |
| 24 July 2007 | Core Library API Freeze |
| 2 August 2007 | Beta 1 |
| 6 September 2007 | Beta 2 Trunk is frozen for feature commits. |
| 18 October 2007 | Beta 3 |
| 24 October 2007 | KDE 4 Release Freeze Source and binary compatibility until KDE 5, hard freeze Platform & soft freeze Desktop. |
| 30 October 2007 | Beta 4 |
| 20 November 2007 | Release candidate 1 |
| KDE Development Platform released | |
| 11 December 2007 | Release candidate 2 Only regressions or serious bugs can be fixed. |
| 11 January 2008 | KDE 4.0 released |
| 4 June 2008 | 4.0.5 Maintenance release. Predated by 4.0.1 to 4.0.4. |
| 4.1[75] | |
| 29 April 2008 | Alpha 1 |
| 19 May 2008 | Feature Freeze |
| 27 May 2008 | Beta 1 |
| 24 June 2008 | Beta 2 |
| 15 July 2008 | Release candidate 1 |
| 29 July 2008 | KDE 4.1 released |
| 13 January 2009 | 4.1.4 Maintenance release. Predated by 4.1.1 to 4.1.3. |
| 4.2[76] | |
| 17 November 2008 | Feature Freeze |
| 26 November 2008 | Beta 1 |
| 18 December 2008 | Beta 2 |
| 13 January 2009 | Release candidate 1 |
| 27 January 2009 | KDE 4.2 released |
| 2 June 2009 | 4.2.4 Maintenance release. Predated by 4.2.1 to 4.2.3. |
| 4.3[77] | |
| 4 May 2009 | Feature Freeze |
| 12 May 2009 | Beta 1 |
| 9 June 2009 | Beta 2 |
| 30 June 2009 | Release candidate 1 |
| 9 July 2009 | Release candidate 2 |
| 22 July 2009 | Release candidate 3 |
| 4 August 2009 | KDE 4.3 released |
| 26 January 2010 | 4.3.5 Maintenance release. Predated by 4.3.1 to 4.3.4. |
| 4.4[78] | |
| 25 November 2009 | Feature Freeze |
| 4 December 2009 | Beta 1 |
| 21 December 2009 | Beta 2 |
| 8 January 2010 | Release candidate 1 |
| 25 January 2010 | Release candidate 2 |
| 1 February 2010 | Release candidate 3 |
| 9 February 2010 | KDE SC 4.4 released |
| 30 June 2010 | 4.4.5 Maintenance release. Predated by 4.4.1 to 4.4.4. |
| 4.5[79] | |
| 11 May 2010 | Feature Freeze |
| 26 May 2010 | Beta 1 |
| 9 June 2010 | Beta 2 |
| 27 June 2010 | Release candidate 1 |
| 8 July 2010 | Release candidate 2 |
| 26 July 2010 | Release candidate 3 |
| 10 August 2010 | KDE SC 4.5 released |
| 7 January 2011 | 4.5.5 Maintenance release. Predated by 4.5.1 to 4.5.4. |
| 4.6[80] | |
| 11 November 2010 | Feature Freeze |
| 24 November 2010 | Beta 1 |
| 8 December 2010 | Beta 2 |
| 23 December 2010 | Release candidate 1 |
| 5 January 2011 | Release candidate 2 |
| 26 January 2011 | KDE SC 4.6 released |
| 5 July 2011 | 4.6.5 Maintenance release. Predated by 4.6.1 to 4.6.4. |
| 4.7[81] | |
| 12 May 2011 | Feature Freeze |
| 25 May 2011 | Beta 1 |
| 8 June 2011 | Beta 2 |
| 22 June 2011 | Release candidate 1 |
| 6 July 2011 | Release candidate 2 |
| 27 July 2011 | KDE SC 4.7 released |
| 29 September 2011 | 4.7.1 Maintenance Release |
| 5 October 2011 | 4.7.2 Maintenance Release |
| 2 November 2011 | 4.7.3 Maintenance Release |
| Feature Freeze - From herein, no new features are allowed. All future dates are provisional. |
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